Cream of the Crop 26/Cream of the Crop 26.iso/educate/fastyp51.zip/TYP.V51/FT4501.TYP

Text File | 1997-06-01 | 15KB | 203 lines

##FT4501.TYP##
// Copyright 1997 Trendtech Corporation, All Rights Reserved
@TEXT@
In recent years, as a result of the needs arising from the two world wars, and inspired by robots, the
manufacturing of prosthetic devices has evolved into a science.öö Artificial legs with joints at the knee and
ankle have made it possible to simulate a natural stride.öö Artificial arms are fitted with elbow joints and
wrists that are capable of rotation.öö Other artificial arms, driven by small electric motors and operated by
bioelectric signals from muscles, have given children born without limbs an almost normal appearance and
enough mobility for them to function socially and, in later years, vocationally.öö Hip joint prostheses can
provide virtually normal and natural mobility for a person with damaged or non-existent hip joints.öö Since
1982, artificial hearts have also been used as replacements, but the success has varied greatly.öö Perhaps the
most dramatic biochemical feat, however, has been the design and construction of the artificial kidney for
patients with incurable kidney disease.öö
@TEXT@
Renaissance playwrights had two useful devices for revealing to an audience or reader a dramatic
character's inmost thoughts and feelings.öö These two tools were soliloquies and asides.öö A soliloquy is a
meditative kind of speech in which a character, usually alone on stage and pretending that the audience is
not present, thinks aloud.öö Everybody understood that the speaker of a soliloquy tells the truth freely and
openly.öö Asides are much shorter than soliloquies, but are just as truthful.öö Asides are a character's private
comments on what is happening at the given moment in the play.öö They are spoken out of the side of the
mouth, so to speak, for the benefit of the audience; the other characters on stage pretend that they do not
hear the asides.öö
@TEXT@
To understand political power, we must consider the condition in which nature puts all men.öö It is a state of
perfect freedom to do as they wish and dispose of themselves and their possessions as they think fit, within
the bounds of the law of nature.öö They need not ask permission or the consent of any other man.öö The state
of nature is also a state of equality.öö No one has more power or authority than another.öö Since all creatures
of the same species and rank have the same advantages and use the same skills, they would be equal to each
other without subordination or subjection.öö The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it.öö Reason is
that law.öö It teaches all mankind that since all men are equal and independent, no one ought to harm another
in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.öö All men are made by one omnipotent and infinitely wise Maker.öö
They are all servants of one sovereign Master who sent them into the world to do His business.öö They are
His property, made to live during His, not one another's pleasure.öö He has put men naturally into a state of
independence, and they remain in it until, by their own consent, they choose to become members of a
political society.öö If a man in the state of nature is free, if he is absolute lord of his person and possessions,
why will he part with his freedom?öö Why will he subject himself to the dominion and control of any person
or institution?öö The obvious answer is that the rights in the state of nature are very uncertain for they are
constantly exposed to the attacks of others.öö Since every man is equal and since most men do not concern
themselves with equality and justice, the enjoyment of rights in the state of nature is unsafe and insecure.öö
Hence each man joins in society with others for the mutual preservation of his life, liberty, and estates,
which I call by the general name property.öö
-John Locke, 1690  from: Two Treatises of Government
@TEXT@
All these are relative pronouns (that, which, who, whom), whose function is to introduce subordinate
clauses.ööRules of usage guide the writer in choosing the right relative pronoun for a given example.ööThat has
for its antecedent persons, animals, and things; which now refers only to animals and things; and who and
whom refer to persons (and occasionally to animals).
The choice in formal writing is determined by the nature of the clauses introduced by the pronouns.ööThat is
used almost exclusively to introduce restrictive clauses, that is, clauses that define and limit the antecedent
by providing information necessary for a real understanding of the sentence: The book that you ordered has
just arrived.ööSuch clauses are never set off by commas; a good test of a restrictive clause is that the relative
pronoun can be unexpressed.ööWho and whom also may be used in restrictive clauses: I met the girl (whom)
you spoke of.ööWho, whom, and especially which are employed to introduce nonrestrictive (non-defining)
clauses, or those that provide incidental or nonessential information: The book, which received excellent
reviews, is much in demand.ööLater I spoke to my teacher, who has a German accent.ööSuch nonrestrictive
clauses are set off by commas; in theory they are capable of being enclosed within parentheses.ööWhich is
always used for clauses of both types when the relative pronoun is preceded by that used as a demonstrative
pronoun: We often long for that which is impossible.
Sometimes it is hard to decide whether a clause is restrictive or nonrestrictive, and use of either which or
that can be justified.ööBut that should be employed when a clause is clearly restrictive; those who invariably
choose which in all examples because they think it alone is appropriate in formal writing are misguided.öö
Sometimes careful discrimination between which and that is essential to clarity: The typewriter, which
needs cleaning, is on the front table.ööThe typewriter that needs cleaning is on the front table.ööUnlike the first
example, the second strongly implies the presence of more than one typewriter.öö
@TEXT@
A balloon, lighter-than-air craft without a propulsion system, is lifted by inflation of one or more containers
with a gas lighter than air or with heated air.ööDuring flight, altitude is gained by discarding weight, e.g.,
bags of sand, and lost by releasing some of the lifting gas from its container.ööIn some late designs using air
heated by a gas-fired burner, the altitude is controlled by varying the temperature of the heated air.ööThe
balloon was invented by the French brothers Joseph and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier, who in 1783 caused
a linen bag about 100 ft (30 m) in diameter to rise in the air.ööUsing a Montgolfier balloon, Pilatre de Rozier
and the marquis d'Arlandes made the first manned balloon flight on Nov. 21, 1783.ööThe Americans Ben
Abruzzo, Maxie Anderson, and Larry Newman made (1978) the first successful transatlantic balloon
crossing.ööToday weather balloons equipped with radio transmitters and other instruments transmit
meteorological readings to ground stations at regular intervals.ööHigh-altitude balloons are used in
astronomy, especially in the study of cosmic rays and the photography of other planets.öö
@TEXT@
In 1834 political opponents of President Andrew Jackson organized a new party to contest Jacksonian
Democrats nationally and in the states.ööGuided by their most prominent leader, Henry Clay, they called
themselves Whigs - the name of the English antimonarchist party - the better to stigmatize the seventh
president as "King Andrew." They were immediately derided by the Jacksonian Democrats as a party
devoted to the interests of wealth and aristocracy, a charge they were never able to shake completely.ööYet
during the party's brief life, it managed to win support from diverse economic groups in all sections and to
hold its own in presidential elections.
The Whig party was founded by individuals united only in their antagonism to Jackson's war on the Second
Bank of the United States and his high-handed measures in waging that war and ignoring Supreme Court
decisions, the Constitution, and Indian rights embodied in federal treaties.ööBeyond that, however, there were
Whigs and Whigs.ööSome played the demagogic anti-Catholic game; others scorned it.ööSome spoke critically
of working people; others, admiringly.ööDetailed studies of the Whig party in the states and biographies of
such Whig leaders as Clay, William Seward, Daniel Webster, and Horace Greeley reveal dissimilar policies
from one state to another and important differences in the character, beliefs, and actions of the leaders.öö
Thurlow Weed was much more opportunistic than his New York State colleague Seward.ööThaddeus Stevens
of Pennsylvania was more high-minded and not nearly as pragmatic as Clay of Kentucky.ööFor all Clay's
political flexibility and his lust for the presidency, he could still inspire the young congressman from
Illinois, Abraham Lincoln.
The old notion propagated by the party's enemies - that the Whigs drew their support primarily from the
rich and the well-to-do - has been sharply modified by modern scholarship.ööThe relatively few rich men in
the country did prefer Whigs to Democrats, but by a modest margin.ööWhigs fared well at the polls among
people of all classes in economically dynamic communities heavily engaged in commerce.ööJacksonian
propaganda did induce many people to regard the Whigs as an upper-class party (not organized working
men, however, whose leaders dismissed both Democrats and Whigs as "humbugs").ööYet Whigs could win
presidential elections, governorships, and state legislature majorities only because they attracted mass
support.ööAlthough they received the votes of many small farmers, shopkeepers, clerks, and artisans, they
appear to have appealed particularly to what some modern historians call distinctive ethnocultural groups:
evangelical as opposed to liturgical Protestants; moralists and abstainers; persons unhappy with brutal
treatment of blacks and Native Americans.ööIn some states Whig leaders seemed so critical of political
parties that they appeared to be religious zealots rather than party leaders.ööYet for all their antiparty rhetoric,
Whigs were as realistic and efficiently organized as their Democratic opponents.öö
@TEXT@
He jests at scars that never felt a wound.
But, soft!ööwhat light through yonder window breaks?
It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.
Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,
Who is already sick and pale with grief,
That thou her maid art far more fair than she:
Be not her maid, since she is envious;
Her vestal livery is but sick and green
And none but fools do wear it; cast it off.
It is my lady, O, it is my love!
O, that she knew she were!
She speaks yet she says nothing: what of that?
Her eye discourses; I will answer it.
I am too bold, 'tis not to me she speaks:
Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven,
Having some business, do entreat her eyes
To twinkle in their spheres till they return.
What if her eyes were there, they in her head?
The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars,
As daylight doth a lamp; her eyes in heaven
Would through the airy region stream so bright
That birds would sing and think it were not night.
See, how she leans her cheek upon her hand!
O, that I were a glove upon that hand,
That I might touch that cheek!
-William Shakespeare, "Romeo and Juliet",  Act 2, Scene 2
@TEXT@
It was many and many a year ago,
In a kingdom by the sea,
That a maiden there lived whom you may know
By the name of ANNABEL LEE;
And this maiden she lived with no other thought
Than to love and be loved by me.

I was a child and she was a child,
In this kingdom by the sea;
But we loved with a love that was more than love-
I and my Annabel Lee;
With a love that the winged seraphs of heaven
Coveted her and me.

And this was the reason that, long ago,
In this kingdom by the sea,
A wind blew out of a cloud, chilling
My beautiful Annabel Lee;
So that her highborn kinsman came
And bore her away from me,
To shut her up in a sepulchre
In this kingdom by the sea.

The angels, not half so happy in heaven,
Went envying her and me-
Yes!- That was the reason (as all men know,
In this kingdom by the sea)
That the wind came out of the cloud by night,
Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee.

But our love it was stronger by far than the love
Of those who were older than we-
Of many far wiser than we-
And neither the angels in heaven above,
Nor the demons down under the sea,
Can ever dissever my soul from the soul
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee.

For the moon never beams without bringing me dreams
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;
And the stars never rise but I feel the bright eyes
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;
And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side
Of my darling- my darling- my life and my bride,
In The Sepulchre There By The Sea,
In Her Tomb By The Sounding Sea.

-Edgar Allen Poe, 1849, "Annabel Lee"
@TEXT@
Houdini, Harry, professional name of Ehrich Weiss (1874-1926), American magician, born in Budapest,
Hungary.ööHis parents brought him to the United States in his infancy, and they settled in Appleton,
Wisconsin.ööHe took his professional surname from that of the French magician Jean Eugene Robert-Houdini
(1805-71).ööHoudini began his career in 1882 as a trapeze performer.ööSubsequently he became world famous
for his performances of feats of magic.ööHe showed astounding ability in extricating himself from handcuffs,
ropes, locked trunks, and bonds of any sort.ööAt one time he had himself tied and then locked in a packing
case, which was bound with steel tape and dropped into the harbor off the battery in New York City.öö
Houdini appeared on the surface of the water in 59 seconds.öö
@TEXT@
Choreographers vary widely in their specific procedures.ööSome formulate the dance fairly completely before
working with the dancers; others create most of the dance by guiding and observing dancers' improvisations
while trying out ideas; still others develop a general structure and then decide on specific combinations of
steps by working them out with the dancers.ööSome use extensive notes, drawings, and dance notation (for
example, a system known as labanotation); some have a mental plan; others work by instinct and
improvisation.ööSome study musical scores; others simply listen to the music.ööOften the physique and skills
of a particular dancer suggest certain movements.ööOnce the dance composition has been formulated, the
choreographer must then teach it to the dancers, demonstrating and then watching as they imitate.öö